In the digital age, crisis has become a part of our lives. An unexpected crisis, in combination with the immediacy of social media, makes crisis communication and reputation management critical. Whether it is an airplane catastrophe, a nuclear accident, an institutional crisis, a terrorist incident, a dioxin affair, a stock market crash or a company closing down, crisis has become an everyday topic. Crises can be complex with unpredictable effects for both private and public

In June 2016, Labour MP Jo Cox has been shot dead in the UK by a man shouting "Britain First". Both "Stronger In" and "Vote Leave" camps suspended campaigning following the incident for a few days. It was the tragic apotheosis of an unprecedented and extreme intense campaign that crossed the boundaries of freedom of expression. What had to be a campaign based on political communication, degenerated to doom and gloom forecasts. It escalated in lies, drama, hollow rhetoric, and

French and Belgian authorities are tracking down the terrorists suspected of organising attacks in Paris on Friday 13 November 2015. As any community that has experienced terrorism can declare, the fallout from such a traumatic experience can last for years. The consequences of the Paris attacks have impact also outside of France as the country is a EU member state and has boarders with Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, Spain and Italy. Those could be: an increased sense of fear;

Crisis has become a part of our lives. We live in a knowledge society in which nothing lasts and everything changes. Whether it is an airplane catastrophe, an institutional crisis, a natural disaster, a nuclear accident, a terrorist incident, a dioxin affair, a stock market crash or a company closing down, crisis has become an everyday topic. Crises can be complex with unpredictable effects and can move fast. The most important thing to remember concerning a crisis communicat